Baylor Scott & White Neurology - Irving

Los EEG y las resonancias magnéticas se realizan en el lugar. Las EMG se realizan en el Centro Médico de la Universidad de Baylor, parte de Baylor Scott & White Health. Todas nuestras imágenes pasan por Touchstone, Preferred Imaging o Envision Imaging.

What is a seizure?
A chemical imbalance or structural abnormality in the brain can result in abnormal electrical activity that results in clinical symptoms called seizures. The symptoms depend on the part of the brain involved falling along a spectrum ranging from mild sensory symptoms, staring spells, confusional spells, motor movements, generalized convulsions and more. Seizures may be provoked by general systemic conditions or may be part of a disorder known as epilepsy.

What is epilepsy?
Epilepsy is the occurrence of two or more seizures in a person which has not been provoked by other systemic illnesses or circumstances. Epilepsy is a fairly common condition which occurs in 0.5% to 1% of the population. Epilepsy is a very treatable condition and many patients with epilepsy can live very normal lives.

What are epilepsy medications?
Epilepsy medications are used to suppress the abnormal electrical activity in the brain to prevent seizures. There is a long list of epilepsy medications which have been designed and created over the last century. Some medications are ideal for certain seizure types while others have a broader spectrum of utility. Seizure medications are often picked based on the seizure type, the presence of other diseases, side effects, and cost.

What is intractable epilepsy?
When a patient who has epilepsy has been compliant on two or more seizure medications and their seizures remain uncontrolled that patient is said to have intractable epilepsy. Occasionally a patient who is thought to have intractable epilepsy may actually have other conditions that mimic seizures which are why the medications were not working. These patients need to be evaluated in an epilepsy monitoring unit to confirm their seizure type or the possibility of an alternative diagnosis. Once a patient has been confirmed to have epilepsy which is originating from a specific part of the brain and that this epilepsy is intractable they may be considered for epilepsy surgery.

What is epilepsy surgery?
Epilepsy surgery involves evaluation for localization of a seizure focus in a patient who has intractable epilepsy. Once we are able to see that the focus is localized the patient is further evaluated to see if there is any eloquent or important brain function in that region. If that part of the brain is confirmed through careful testing to have very little function, it can often be safely removed. The success of epilepsy surgery has varied from 40% to 90% in different patient populations. Evaluation for epilepsy surgery does not require a patient to go on and have surgery and not all patients who are evaluated are found to be surgical candidates. Other surgical implanted devices are being used to reduce the frequency of seizures such as vagal nerve stimulator’s, deep brain stimulators, and responsive neural stimulators when intractable patients are found to not be surgical candidates.

How do I know if I am epilepsy surgery candidate?
Patients who have intractable epilepsy localized to a specific focus in the brain may be a candidate for epilepsy surgery. Careful evaluation of a patient's history, imaging, and electroencephalograms by an experienced epileptologist is necessary in conjunction with a neurosurgical evaluation. Epilepsy surgery is not taken lightly and involves a team approach to the patient, involving a well-trained epileptologist, neurosurgeon, psychologist, technicians involved with patient monitoring and many other support staff.

What else needs to be considered when treating epilepsy?
Apart from surgery and medications, epilepsy care also involves addressing issues such as employment, ability to travel, safety, cognitive slowing due to disease or medications themselves and financial constraints. Each patient is an individual and their care should be carefully discussed with his or her physician and no one treatment is universal for all.

What do I do if my family member has a seizure?
Make sure the patient's airway is clear by laying them on their side and lean them forward so if anything is in their mouth it wall fall out. Make sure they're in a place where they will not get hurt and move items that may injure them away from them. There is no reason to put anything in the mouth of a patient having a seizure and this has been shown to be dangerous. If your loved one is known to have epilepsy and you are familiar with your loved one's spells you should call 911 in the following circumstances: he or she has a seizure that lasts more than two minutes, has repeated back to back seizures, is not waking up from the spell, shows any difficulty with breathing, or you feel unsure of the circumstances. For a patient who has never had a seizure before, call 911 right away.

Women who have epilepsy
Careful consideration of epilepsy medication should be given in any woman in her reproductive years. The seizure disorder and or the medications can have an effect on a fetus or breastfeeding baby and medications should ideally be adjusted prior to pregnancy. Most women with epilepsy are able to have normal children with careful guidance.

What is brain mapping?
Brain mapping is the process by which abnormal seizure foci of the brain are localized and normal function is localized as well. Noninvasive brain mapping begins with a careful history and physical exam and includes neuropsychological evaluations, MRI, CT, SPECT scan, functional MRI and rarely Magnetoencephalography. More invasive procedures may be necessary such as Wada evaluations and direct brain recordings and stimulations.

Chronic Daily Headache
Chronic daily headaches are headaches that occur at least fifteen days out of the month. They are common in people who have a history of episodic migraines. Symptoms include:

• Dolor en ambos lados de la cabeza.
• Aumento del dolor con la actividad física.
• Sensibilidad a la luz
• Náuseas o vómitos

Los dolores de cabeza crónicos de tipo tensional tienen una sensación de presión, mientras que los dolores de cabeza crónicos por migraña tienen una sensación punzante o pulsante. Los pacientes que padecen esta afección suelen tener un dolor de cabeza subyacente en todo momento, pero también sufren migrañas episódicas con regularidad. Los médicos intentan prevenir el dolor prescribiendo medicamentos que no provoquen al paciente un dolor de cabeza de rebote; estos incluyen betabloqueantes, antidepresivos o medicamentos anticonvulsivos. A menudo resulta útil educar a los pacientes sobre los dolores de cabeza y también sobre la importancia de prestar atención a la rutina.

Cluster Headache
Cluster headaches are one of the most painful headaches and are usually felt on one side of the head or behind one eye. They cause a drooping eyelid, nasal congestion, watery eyes, or enlarged pupils. Cluster headaches have a cyclical pattern, occurring multiple times over a few weeks, then not again for months or even years. Patients suffering from these headaches are often more comfortable pacing or moving around rather than being still. Physicians have many treatments that aim to prevent or lessen this pain; this ranges from various medications to nerve blocks or local anesthetics.

Menstrual Migraine
A menstrual migraine is a migraine that occurs during a woman's menstrual cycle. Migraines are related to hormone levels, so when a woman's estrogen drops before she begins her period, she is more likely to develop a migraine. Physicians recommend taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, though the specific selection depends on the pain level of the migraine. These should be taken two days before the menstrual cycle begins and continued until it is finished.

Migraine
Migraines are severe headaches often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and heightened sensitivity to sound and light. The cause of migraines is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Patients experiencing migraines are often most comfortable in a dark, quiet place. To treat migraines, physicians prescribe pills ranging from ibuprofen to more intense medications such as triptans. In addition, caffeine is sometimes helpful to relieve pain.

Rebound Headache
Rebound headaches are headaches that occur as a response to an overuse of headache medication. If a patient takes a headache medicine daily or for a long period of time, they can develop a headache as the effects of the medication wear off. This is often a sign of a rebound headache. To treat this issue, physicians will help the patient reduce or stop the intake of the problematic medication. The headaches will likely get worse before they improve. Physicians can prescribe preventive headache medications for the future that will not cause rebound headaches.

Status Migraine
A status migraine is a migraine that lasts for over 72 hours. Status migraines sometimes require hospital visits in order to prevent dehydration from vomiting; physicians can insert an IV for rehydration and pain medication. If a patient suffers migraines regularly, there are preventive medications that can be prescribed to try to avoid the onset of a migraine.

Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography are performed routinely by nuclear medicine and neuroradiology. A highly trained neuroradiology team is available for acute and elective interventions including aneurysm coiling, acute stroke thrombectomy, carotid stenting and diagnostic angiograms. [No text in field]

La demencia se refiere a un empeoramiento progresivo de la función cognitiva de una persona. El tipo más común de demencia es la enfermedad de Alzheimer. En este momento no existe cura para la enfermedad de Alzheimer, pero sí existen medicamentos que ayudan a brindar cierto alivio sintomático. Es importante determinar qué tipo de demencia tiene un paciente, ya que algunas demencias tienen tratamientos específicos e incluso se puede evitar que empeoren. Además, conocer el diagnóstico específico ayuda a las familias y a los pacientes a asignar sus recursos para una mejor atención y ayudar a definir las expectativas.

Hay algunas demencias que pueden tratarse y muchas veces evitar que empeoren. Es importante ser evaluado para detectar estos otros tipos de demencia para garantizar que no pasemos por alto un tipo de demencia tratable. El trabajo típico comienza con una historia detallada y cuidadosa. De hecho, una buena historia suele tener la mayoría de las respuestas. Se pueden obtener más detalles mediante tomografía computarizada o resonancia magnética y análisis de sangre. En raras ocasiones, algunos pacientes necesitarán evaluaciones del líquido cefalorraquídeo, electroencefalogramas y diversas pruebas tomográficas por emisión de posición.

Su médico de atención primaria puede derivarlo a un neurólogo si no sigue el patrón típico que exhiben la mayoría de los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer. El neurólogo puede ofrecerle estudios adicionales como se describe anteriormente y puede guiarlo hacia tendencias de tratamiento más recientes. La investigación sobre la demencia está en curso y cada año se desarrollan nuevos ensayos.

Movement disorders occur when muscles move uncontrollably or don't move when you want them to. The symptoms of a movement disorder largely depend on the type of condition you may have. People may have varying degrees of symptoms associated with the severity of the movement disorder and depending on the type of neurological issue.

Enfermedad o disfunción de uno o más nervios periféricos, que normalmente causa entumecimiento o debilidad, generalmente en las manos y los pies.

What is a nonepileptic seizure?
There are several types of spells in which people briefly experience a loss of control, with symptoms such as convulsions, unresponsiveness, sensory changes, and more.  Epileptic seizures are most common and are accompanied by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain which can be seen on the electroencephalogram (EEG). Most patients with epilepsy are able to control their seizures with anti-seizure medications.

Las crisis no epilépticas (NES) se diagnostican entre el 20 % y el 30 % de las personas ingresadas en centros de epilepsia en los Estados Unidos. Durante estos períodos tan angustiosos, no hay descargas eléctricas anormales en el EEG. Se ha descubierto que estos hechizos están relacionados con angustia personal o problemas de la vida que pueden estar sucediendo ahora o haber sucedido en el pasado. A diferencia de la epilepsia, las convulsiones no epilépticas a menudo cambian sus síntomas con el tiempo y generalmente no responden muy bien a los medicamentos anticonvulsivos.

How is a nonepileptic seizure diagnosed?
They are diagnosed by careful evaluations involving a  complete history of a patient's background and detailed descriptions of the patient's events. In addition, the patient goes through testing, at an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU). It is important to be evaluated by an experienced doctor who specializes in epilepsy to confirm the correct diagnosis.

What causes nonepileptic seizures?
Causes of NES are many but generally are related to the body’s way of coping with emotional stress. They may include specific disturbing events (recent or in the past), very high life stress or losses, or internal conflicts. These stressors can produce a wide variety of neurologic symptoms such as convulsions, paralysis, loss of awareness, sensory changes, or even pain. Sometimes patients with NES have gotten so used to just trying to live their lives, they do not notice the amount of tension or conflict that they are experiencing.

Common reactions to being diagnosed
A diagnosis of nonepileptic seizure can be frustrating and upsetting. People have often been treated for a diagnosis of epilepsy, sometimes for many years. Patients with NES may feel confused, angry, or think that their doctor does not believe them because the spells feel outside of their control.  Patients worry that others do not believe their seizures are "real." However, although the seizures are not epilepsy they are not voluntary.

Además, el diagnóstico puede ser difícil de entender porque puede resultar difícil encontrar los vínculos psicológicos que desencadenan los episodios. Además, darse cuenta de que la mente puede producir síntomas físicos es un obstáculo que muchos pacientes tienen dificultades para afrontar, creando una barrera para el tratamiento.

What if other doctors thought I had epilepsy?
It is fairly common that persons with NES have been given a diagnosis of epilepsy by physicians based on their reports of their spells. Many doctors do not have access to an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) with a team of specialists and have to diagnose patients based on the possibility of the most dangerous cause, such as epilepsy. However, when the medications fail to control seizures, a complete evaluation by an epilepsy specialist is often needed. Continuing medications for epileptic seizures are not likely to be helpful and can create additional problems including long-term side effects and unnecessary costs. Sometimes minor abnormalities on a routine EEG are seen and can mislead the diagnosis. The gold standard for diagnosis is to be admitted to an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) for video EEG monitoring.

What can be done?
Often it is helpful just to understand why the seizures are occurring. An honest discussion with a physician may identify stresses or conflicts which have created the conditions for non-epileptic seizures. Understanding this connection can help reduce the frequency of these attacks. Reassurance with formal testing to ensure that a patient does not have epilepsy is often times helpful in itself. The successful treatment of most patients depends on a trusting and honest relationship with an experienced and compassionate professional.

Si las convulsiones continúan, lo derivarán a un profesional que puede ayudarlo a brindarle las habilidades para comprender y cambiar las condiciones que conducen a las convulsiones no epilépticas. Suele ser un profesional de salud mental que esté familiarizado con NES en su zona. Pueden brindarle orientación y habilidades para identificar desencadenantes emocionales y de la vida, indicadores tempranos de que se avecina una convulsión y habilidades para manejar el estrés de modo que no sea necesario que ocurra una convulsión completa. Afortunadamente, un estudio de investigación reciente bien diseñado encontró que algunos programas de tratamiento pueden ser efectivos para muchos pacientes.   

Baylor Scott & White Neurology: Irving es una clínica de neurología multidisciplinaria que se especializa en el diagnóstico del dolor.

Un derrame cerebral o ataque cerebral ocurre cuando se detiene el flujo de sangre al cerebro. Es una situación de emergencia.

El cerebro necesita un suministro constante de oxígeno y nutrientes para funcionar bien. Si se interrumpe el suministro de sangre, aunque sea por un corto tiempo, esto puede causar problemas. Las células cerebrales comienzan a morir después de unos minutos sin sangre ni oxígeno.

Cuando las células cerebrales mueren, se pierde la función cerebral. Es posible que no pueda hacer cosas controladas por esa parte del cerebro. Por ejemplo, un derrame cerebral puede afectar su capacidad para:

• Movimiento
• Hablar
• Coma
• Piensa y recuerda
• Controle su intestino y vejiga
• Controla tus emociones
• Controlar otras funciones vitales del cuerpo.

• Los EEG y las resonancias magnéticas están disponibles en la oficina.
• Las EMG se completan en el Centro Médico de la Universidad de Baylor, parte de Baylor Scoot & White Health en Dallas
• Las imágenes pasan por Touchstone, Preferred Imaging o Envision Imaging
• Fisioterapia con nuestro propio Instituto Baylor de Rehabilitación
• BOTOX está disponible en el consultorio para tratar los dolores de cabeza.

El temblor es un movimiento tembloroso involuntario que se repite una y otra vez. Los temblores pueden ser causados por afecciones o medicamentos que afectan el sistema nervioso, incluida la enfermedad de Parkinson, insuficiencia hepática, alcoholismo, intoxicación por mercurio o arsénico, litio y ciertos antidepresivos. Los efectos secundarios de otros medicamentos también pueden provocar temblores. Existen algunas diferencias entre el temblor esencial y el temblor causado por la enfermedad de Parkinson. Si se descubre una causa, se tratará la enfermedad en lugar del temblor.

Enfermedad de Parkinson
Parkinson’s disease is a condition that affects control over your movements. It’s caused by a lack of dopamine, a chemical that helps the nerve cells in your brain communicate with each other. When dopamine is missing from certain areas of the brain, the messages that tell your body how to move are lost or distorted. This can lead to symptoms such as shaking, stiffness, and slow movement. There’s no cure for Parkinson’s disease. But proper treatment can help ease symptoms and allow you to live a full, active life.

Changes in the brain
Dopamine is produced in a small area of the brain called the substantia nigra. For reasons that aren’t yet clear, the nerve cells in this region that make dopamine begin to die. This means less dopamine is available to help control your movements. When healthy, the substantia nigra makes enough dopamine to help control your body’s movements.

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease symptoms often appear gradually. Some may take years to develop. Others you may not have at all. Below are the most common:

• Los temblores (temblor en reposo) pueden afectar las manos, los brazos y las piernas. En la mayoría de los casos, los temblores empeoran en un lado del cuerpo. Suele disminuir cuando se utiliza la extremidad.
• Los movimientos lentos (bradicinesia) pueden afectar a todo el cuerpo. Las personas pueden caminar con pasos cortos y arrastrando los pies. También pueden sentirse “congelados” e incapaces de moverse.
• La rigidez ocurre cuando los músculos no se relajan. Puede provocar dolores musculares y postura encorvada.
• Otros síntomas incluyen problemas de equilibrio, letra pequeña, volumen de voz suave, estreñimiento, expresión facial reducida o "plana" y problemas para dormir. La pérdida de memoria u otros problemas con el pensamiento también pueden ocurrir más adelante en la progresión de la enfermedad.

How is Parkinson’s disease diagnosed?
There is no single test for Parkinson’s disease. The diagnosis is based on your Parkinson's disease symptoms, medical history and a physical exam. You may also have tests to help rule out other problems. These may include blood tests to look for diseases that cause similar symptoms. They can also include brain-imaging tests, such as an MRI of the brain